Python中的各種裝飾器詳解
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Python裝飾器,分兩部分,一是裝飾器本身的定義,一是被裝飾器對(duì)象的定義。

一、函數(shù)式裝飾器:裝飾器本身是一個(gè)函數(shù)。

1.裝飾函數(shù):被裝飾對(duì)象是一個(gè)函數(shù)

[1]裝飾器無參數(shù):

a.被裝飾對(duì)象無參數(shù):

代碼如下:

>>> def test(func):

def _test():

print 'Call the function %s().'%func.func_name

return func()

return _test

>>> @test

def say():return 'hello world'

>>> say()

Call the function say().

'hello world'

>>>

b.被裝飾對(duì)象有參數(shù):

代碼如下:

>>> def test(func):

def _test(*args,**kw):

print 'Call the function %s().'%func.func_name

return func(*args,**kw)

return _test

>>> @test

def left(Str,Len):

#The parameters of _test can be '(Str,Len)' in this case.

return Str[:Len]

>>> left('hello world',5)

Call the function left().

'hello'

>>>

[2]裝飾器有參數(shù):

a.被裝飾對(duì)象無參數(shù):

代碼如下:

>>> def test(printResult=False):

def _test(func):

def __test():

print 'Call the function %s().'%func.func_name

if printResult:

print func()

else:

return func()

return __test

return _test

>>> @test(True)

def say():return 'hello world'

>>> say()

Call the function say().

hello world

>>> @test(False)

def say():return 'hello world'

>>> say()

Call the function say().

'hello world'

>>> @test()

def say():return 'hello world'

>>> say()

Call the function say().

'hello world'

>>> @test

def say():return 'hello world'

>>> say()

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<pyshell#224>", line 1, in <module>

say()

TypeError: _test() takes exactly 1 argument (0 given)

>>>

由上面這段代碼中的最后兩個(gè)例子可知:當(dāng)裝飾器有參數(shù)時(shí),即使你啟用裝飾器的默認(rèn)參數(shù),不另外傳遞新值進(jìn)去,也必須有一對(duì)括號(hào),否則編譯器會(huì)直接將func傳遞給test(),而不是傳遞給_test()

b.被裝飾對(duì)象有參數(shù):

代碼如下:

>>> def test(printResult=False):

def _test(func):

def __test(*args,**kw):

print 'Call the function %s().'%func.func_name

if printResult:

print func(*args,**kw)

else:

return func(*args,**kw)

return __test

return _test

>>> @test()

def left(Str,Len):

#The parameters of __test can be '(Str,Len)' in this case.

return Str[:Len]

>>> left('hello world',5)

Call the function left().

'hello'

>>> @test(True)

def left(Str,Len):

#The parameters of __test can be '(Str,Len)' in this case.

return Str[:Len]

>>> left('hello world',5)

Call the function left().

hello

>>>

2.裝飾類:被裝飾的對(duì)象是一個(gè)類

[1]裝飾器無參數(shù):

a.被裝飾對(duì)象無參數(shù):

代碼如下:

>>> def test(cls):

def _test():

clsName=re.findall('(\w+)',repr(cls))[-1]

print 'Call %s.__init().'%clsName

return cls()

return _test

>>> @test

class sy(object):

value=32

>>> s=sy()

Call sy.__init().

>>> s

<__main__.sy object at 0x0000000002C3E390>

>>> s.value

32

>>>

b.被裝飾對(duì)象有參數(shù):

代碼如下:

>>> def test(cls):

def _test(*args,**kw):

clsName=re.findall('(\w+)',repr(cls))[-1]

print 'Call %s.__init().'%clsName

return cls(*args,**kw)

return _test

>>> @test

class sy(object):

def __init__(self,value):

#The parameters of _test can be '(value)' in this case.

self.value=value

>>> s=sy('hello world')

Call sy.__init().

>>> s

<__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AF7748>

>>> s.value

'hello world'

>>>

[2]裝飾器有參數(shù):

a.被裝飾對(duì)象無參數(shù):

代碼如下:

>>> def test(printValue=True):

def _test(cls):

def __test():

clsName=re.findall('(\w+)',repr(cls))[-1]

print 'Call %s.__init().'%clsName

obj=cls()

if printValue:

print 'value = %r'%obj.value

return obj

return __test

return _test

>>> @test()

class sy(object):

def __init__(self):

self.value=32

>>> s=sy()

Call sy.__init().

value = 32

>>> @test(False)

class sy(object):

def __init__(self):

self.value=32

>>> s=sy()

Call sy.__init().

>>>

b.被裝飾對(duì)象有參數(shù):

代碼如下:

>>> def test(printValue=True):

def _test(cls):

def __test(*args,**kw):

clsName=re.findall('(\w+)',repr(cls))[-1]

print 'Call %s.__init().'%clsName

obj=cls(*args,**kw)

if printValue:

print 'value = %r'%obj.value

return obj

return __test

return _test

>>> @test()

class sy(object):

def __init__(self,value):

self.value=value

>>> s=sy('hello world')

Call sy.__init().

value = 'hello world'

>>> @test(False)

class sy(object):

def __init__(self,value):

self.value=value

>>> s=sy('hello world')

Call sy.__init().

>>>

二、類式裝飾器:裝飾器本身是一個(gè)類,借用__init__()和__call__()來實(shí)現(xiàn)職能

1.裝飾函數(shù):被裝飾對(duì)象是一個(gè)函數(shù)

[1]裝飾器無參數(shù):

a.被裝飾對(duì)象無參數(shù):

代碼如下:

>>> class test(object):

def __init__(self,func):

self._func=func

def __call__(self):

return self._func()

>>> @test

def say():

return 'hello world'

>>> say()

'hello world'

>>>

b.被裝飾對(duì)象有參數(shù):

代碼如下:

>>> class test(object):

def __init__(self,func):

self._func=func

def __call__(self,*args,**kw):

return self._func(*args,**kw)

>>> @test

def left(Str,Len):

#The parameters of __call__ can be '(self,Str,Len)' in this case.

return Str[:Len]

>>> left('hello world',5)

'hello'

>>>

[2]裝飾器有參數(shù)

a.被裝飾對(duì)象無參數(shù):

代碼如下:

>>> class test(object):

def __init__(self,beforeinfo='Call function'):

self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo

def __call__(self,func):

def _call():

print self.beforeInfo

return func()

return _call

>>> @test()

def say():

return 'hello world'

>>> say()

Call function

'hello world'

>>>

或者:

代碼如下:

>>> class test(object):

def __init__(self,beforeinfo='Call function'):

self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo

def __call__(self,func):

self._func=func

return self._call

def _call(self):

print self.beforeInfo

return self._func()

>>> @test()

def say():

return 'hello world'

>>> say()

Call function

'hello world'

>>>

b.被裝飾對(duì)象有參數(shù):

代碼如下:

>>> class test(object):

def __init__(self,beforeinfo='Call function'):

self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo

def __call__(self,func):

def _call(*args,**kw):

print self.beforeInfo

return func(*args,**kw)

return _call

>>> @test()

def left(Str,Len):

#The parameters of _call can be '(Str,Len)' in this case.

return Str[:Len]

>>> left('hello world',5)

Call function

'hello'

>>>

或者:

代碼如下:

>>> class test(object):

def __init__(self,beforeinfo='Call function'):

self.beforeInfo=beforeinfo

def __call__(self,func):

self._func=func

return self._call

def _call(self,*args,**kw):

print self.beforeInfo

return self._func(*args,**kw)

>>> @test()

def left(Str,Len):

#The parameters of _call can be '(self,Str,Len)' in this case.

return Str[:Len]

>>> left('hello world',5)

Call function

'hello'

>>>

2.裝飾類:被裝飾對(duì)象是一個(gè)類

[1]裝飾器無參數(shù):

a.被裝飾對(duì)象無參數(shù):

代碼如下:

>>> class test(object):

def __init__(self,cls):

self._cls=cls

def __call__(self):

return self._cls()

>>> @test

class sy(object):

def __init__(self):

self.value=32

>>> s=sy()

>>> s

<__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AAFA20>

>>> s.value

32

>>>

b.被裝飾對(duì)象有參數(shù):

代碼如下:

>>> class test(object):

def __init__(self,cls):

self._cls=cls

def __call__(self,*args,**kw):

return self._cls(*args,**kw)

>>> @test

class sy(object):

def __init__(self,value):

#The parameters of __call__ can be '(self,value)' in this case.

self.value=value

>>> s=sy('hello world')

>>> s

<__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AAFA20>

>>> s.value

'hello world'

>>>

[2]裝飾器有參數(shù):

a.被裝飾對(duì)象無參數(shù):

代碼如下:

>>> class test(object):

def __init__(self,printValue=False):

self._printValue=printValue

def __call__(self,cls):

def _call():

obj=cls()

if self._printValue:

print 'value = %r'%obj.value

return obj

return _call

>>> @test(True)

class sy(object):

def __init__(self):

self.value=32

>>> s=sy()

value = 32

>>> s

<__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AB50B8>

>>> s.value

32

>>>

b.被裝飾對(duì)象有參數(shù):

代碼如下:

>>> class test(object):

def __init__(self,printValue=False):

self._printValue=printValue

def __call__(self,cls):

def _call(*args,**kw):

obj=cls(*args,**kw)

if self._printValue:

print 'value = %r'%obj.value

return obj

return _call

>>> @test(True)

class sy(object):

def __init__(self,value):

#The parameters of _call can be '(value)' in this case.

self.value=value

>>> s=sy('hello world')

value = 'hello world'

>>> s

<__main__.sy object at 0x0000000003AB5588>

>>> s.value

'hello world'

>>>

總結(jié):【1】@decorator后面不帶括號(hào)時(shí)(也即裝飾器無參數(shù)時(shí)),效果就相當(dāng)于先定義func或cls,而后執(zhí)行賦值操作func=decorator(func)或cls=decorator(cls);

【2】@decorator后面帶括號(hào)時(shí)(也即裝飾器有參數(shù)時(shí)),效果就相當(dāng)于先定義func或cls,而后執(zhí)行賦值操作 func=decorator(decoratorArgs)(func)或cls=decorator(decoratorArgs)(cls);

【3】如上將func或cls重新賦值后,此時(shí)的func或cls也不再是原來定義時(shí)的func或cls,而是一個(gè)可執(zhí)行體,你只需要傳入?yún)?shù)就可調(diào)用,func(args)=>返回值或者輸出,cls(args)=>object of cls;

【4】最后通過賦值返回的執(zhí)行體是多樣的,可以是閉包,也可以是外部函數(shù);當(dāng)被裝飾的是一個(gè)類時(shí),還可以是類內(nèi)部方法,函數(shù);

【5】另外要想真正了解裝飾器,一定要了解func.func_code.co_varnames,func.func_defaults,通過它們你可以以func的定義之外,還原func的參數(shù)列表;另外關(guān)鍵字參數(shù)是因?yàn)檎{(diào)用而出現(xiàn)的,而不是因?yàn)閒unc的定義,func的定義中的用等號(hào)連接的只是有默認(rèn)值的參數(shù),它們并不一定會(huì)成為關(guān)鍵字參數(shù),因?yàn)槟闳匀豢梢园凑瘴恢脕韨鬟f它們。

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